Botanical description, phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacology of Anthocephalus Cadamba: An updated review
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. is an important medicinal plant of the Rubiaceae family. It is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions of India and the world. It became popular for the use of folklore in a variety of illnesses, including diabetes Mellitus, diarrhea, fever, inflammation, hemophilia, cough, vomiting, wounds, ulcer, and debility, and also useful for snake bite.
Results: The current review focuses on plant descriptions and ethnographic and traditional uses of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. along with the reported pharmacological activity. The main chemical composition and pharmacological aspects of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. has been thoroughly studied to reveal the unexplored ethnomedicinal uses of this plant, and researchers working on this plant may be able to gain new facts to continue further research on plants. Pharmacological aspects like Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory, Antidiabetic, Antidiarrhoeal, Diuretic and laxative, Anti-hepatotoxic, Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and wound healing, Anthelmintic potentials are evaluated by different in vitro/in vivo methods on this plant have been reported.
Conclusion: Various conventional uses have been reported that require profound scientific investigation. several pharmacological activities have been reported for the Anthocephalus cadamba. The present review intends to deliver a concise account of its ethnobotanical uses, and phytochemistry with an in-depth study of its phytoconstituents, facts, and prospects of the potential pharmacological activities of this golden plant. An extensive literature survey was undertaken through different online platforms viz. Google Scholar and online databases namely PubMed, Science Direct, and Springer. All papers based on traditional medicinal uses and pharmacological properties were included.
Article Details
How to Cite
1.
singh ranjan, garg ajay, saxena vaibhav, kukkar rajiv, rao sanjay. Botanical description, phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacology of Anthocephalus Cadamba: An updated review. IJPBR [Internet]. 4Apr.2023 [cited 22Dec.2024];11(01). Available from: https://ijpbr.in/index.php/IJPBR/article/view/1035
Section
Review Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
1. Kaushik R, Jain J, Rai P, Sharma Y, Kumar V, Gupta A. Pharmacognostical, physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical studies of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. (Roxb.) leaves. Res J Pharm Technol. 2018;11(4):1391–7.
2. Devgan M, Bhatia L, Kumar H. Anthocephalus cadamba: A comprehensive review. Res J Pharm Technol. 2012;5(12):1478–83.
3. Dwevedi A, Sharma K, Sharma YK. Cadamba : A miraculous tree having enormous pharmacological implications. Pharmacogn Rev. 2015;9(18):107–13.
4. Ayubkhan N, George DM, Joseph DL, Sujith DK. a Review on Pharmacological Activity of Benincasa Hispida. Int J Pharm Biol Sci Arch. 2019;7(2):383–94.
5. Article R, Parvathy P, Srinivasan V, Ramamurthy M, Elansekaran S, Christian GJ. International Journal of Ayurveda. Int J Ayurveda Pharma Res. 2018;6(11):44–50.
6. Dubey A, Nayak S, Goupale DC. Anthocephalus cadamba: A review. Pharmacogn J [Internet]. 2011;2(18):71–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0975-3575(11)80029-5
7. Krisnawati H, Agency D, Kallio M, Kanninen M. BKrisnawati1105. Cent Int For Res. 2011;1–11.
8. Acharyya S, Padhy R, Dash SK. Pharmacognostic studies on the root of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. (Roxb.) Miq. Pharmacogn J. 2018;10(5):973–8.
9. Brijesh kumar, Chaudhary, Satya Prakash AKS. Kadamba in ayurveda- A critcal review. Int J Pharm Arch. 2016;4(9):45–9.
10. Krisnawati H, Agency D, Kallio M, Kanninen M. Ecology , silviculture and productivity. Cent Int For Res. 2011;
11. Gurjar H, Jain SK, Nandanwar R, Sahu VK. IJPSR (2010), Vol. 1, Issue 7 (Research Article). Ijpsr. 2010;1(7):108–15.
12. Bani Sharma, Dey, A. N. * AK and NAP. Documentation of medico- religious plants of dooars region of wst bengal. Int J Usuf Mngt. 2014;15(2):3–15.
13. Bhandary MJ, Chandrashekar KR, Kaveriappa KM. Medical ethnobotany of the Siddis of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 1995;47(3):149–58.
14. D. Kumarasamyraja* NSJ and RM. A Review on Medicinal Plants with Potential Wound Healing Activity. Int J Pharma Sci. 2012;2(4):101–7.
15. Dhotre R, Maheboob S, Kare M. Phytochemical Screening of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. ( Roxb .) Miq . : Bark. Int J Res Pharm Pharm Sci. 2018;3(1):228–30.
16. Sharma V, Mathur G. Phytochemical Evaluation of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. and Invitro Cytotoxicity Studies. Int J Progress Res Sci Eng. 2021;2(3):70–5.
17. Gurjar H, Jain SK, Irchhaiya R, Nandanwar R, Sahu VK, Saraf H. Hypoglycemic effects of methanolic extract of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats (Rox B) Miq. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2010;1(3):79–83.
18. Gupta ASRC. 26.pdf. Eur J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2015;2(2):163–73.
19. Manoharan B CRS. A study on medicinal and commercial uses of sacred groves of Namakkal district , Tamil Nadu , India. J Med plants Sci. 2019;7(5):101–7.
20. Anand RK, Singh MP, Dwivedi S V, Ram S, Khare N. Ethnobotanical Study of Trees found in District Sonbhadra , Uttar Pradesh Ethnobotanical Study of Trees found in District Sonbhadra , Uttar Pradesh. 2017;(February 2013).
21. Dwa OP. Medicinal Plants and their Uses in Begnas-Rupa Lake. Janapriya J Interdiscip Stud. 2021;178–84.
22. Kumar S, Kumari S. Ethnobotanical Wild Edible Plants Used by the Tribes of Sahebganj District , Jharkhand. 2021;9515(9):223–31.
23. Singh PV. Ethnomedicinal uses of Some Mythological Plants in Temple Towns of Chitrakoot District , India Ethnomedicinal uses of Some Mythological Plants in Temple Towns of Chitrakoot District , India. –International J Innov Res Sci Technol. 2017;3(11):48–55.
24. Kalita GJ, Rout S, Mishra RK. Traditionally used medicinal Plants of Bajali Sub- division , Barpeta District , Assam. J Med Plants Stud. 2015;3(2):8–17.
25. Singh A, Kumar M, Singh H, Pala N. 2 nd International Conference " Food Security , Nutrition and Sustainable Agriculture - Emerging Technologies " Ethno-medicinal plants for treatment of diabetes , cancer and heart dise ... 2 International Conference “ Food Security , Nutrition and Sustain. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2019;(March):466–74.
26. Shubhashree MN, Shantha TR, Reddy MP, Venkateshwarlu G. A REVIEW ON THERAPEUTIC USES OF FLOWERS AS DEPICTED IN CLASSICAL TEXTS OF AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA. J Res Educ Indian Med. 2015;XXI(March):1–14.
27. Poonam K, Singh GS. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Taungya community in Terai Arc Landscape , India. J ethanopharmacology. 2009;123:167–76.
28. Das BP, Ghosh A. Medicinal properties of phyto-constituents from Rubiaceae family of Assam : Critical Review. Int J Appl Chem Biol Sci. 2020;1(3):1–25.
29. Liu LL, Di YT, Zhang Q, Fang X, Zhu F, Chen DL, et al. Aminocadambines A and B, two novel indole alkaloids from Neolamarckia cadamba. Tetrahedron Lett [Internet]. 2010;51(43):5670–3. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.08.030
30. Mishra DP, Khan MA, Yadav DK, Rawat AK, Singh RK, Ahamad T, et al. Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids from Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Fruits Exhibiting Anticancer Activity in Human Lung Cancer Cell Line H1299. Biol Chem Chem Biol. 2018;3(29):8468–72.
31. Soodabeh, SaeidniaAzadeh Manayi1 ARG and MA. The Story of Beta-sitosterol- A Review. European J Med Plants. 2014;4(5):590–609.
32. Sahu NP, Koike K, Jia Z, Achari B, Banerjee S, Nikaido T. Structures of two novel isomeric triterpenoid saponins from Anthocephalus cadamba. Magn Reson Chem. 1999;37(11):837–42.
33. Mahato SB, Sarkar SK, Poddar G. Triterpenoid saponins. Phytochemistry. 1988;27(10):3037–67.
34. Liu J. Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid: Research perspectives. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;100(1–2):92–4.
35. He XY, Wu LJ, Wang WX, Xie PJ, Chen YH, Wang F. Amygdalin - A pharmacological and toxicological review. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. 2020;254:112717. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112717
36. Formica J V., Regelson W. Review of the biology of quercetin and related bioflavonoids. Food Chem Toxicol. 1995;33(12):1061–80.
37. Gomes MN, Muratov EN, Pereira M, Peixoto JC, Rosseto LP, Cravo PVL, et al. Chalcone derivatives: Promising starting points for drug design. Molecules. 2017 Aug 1;22(8).
38. Israf DA, Khaizurin TA, Syahida A, Lajis NH, Khozirah S. Cardamonin inhibits COX and iNOS expression via inhibition of p65NF-κB nuclear translocation and Iκ-B phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Mol Immunol. 2007;44(5):673–9.
39. Kim DW, Curtis-Long MJ, Yuk HJ, Wang Y, Song YH, Jeong SH, et al. Quantitative analysis of phenolic metabolites from different parts of Angelica keiskei by HPLC-ESI MS/MS and their xanthine oxidase inhibition. Food Chem [Internet]. 2014;153:20–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.026
40. Yamamoto T, Yoshimura M, Yamaguchi F, Kouchi T, Tsuji R, Saito M, et al. Anti-allergic activity of naringenin chalcone from a tomato skin extract. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004;68(8):1706–11.
41. Aoki N, Muko M, Ohta E, Ohta S. C-geranylated chalcones from the stems of Angelica keiskei with superoxide-scavenging activity. J Nat Prod. 2008;71(7):1308–10.
42. Birari RB, Gupta S, Mohan CG, Bhutani KK. Antiobesity and lipid lowering effects of Glycyrrhiza chalcones: Experimental and computational studies. Phytomedicine [Internet]. 2011;18(8–9):795–801. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2011.01.002
43. Chen M, Christensen SB, Blom J, Lemmich E, Nadelmann L, Fich K, et al. Licochalcone A, a novel antiparasitic agent with potent activity against human pathogenic protozoan species of Leishmania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37(12):2550–6.
44. Cho S, Kim S, Jin Z, Yang H, Han D, Baek NI, et al. Isoliquiritigenin, a chalcone compound, is a positive allosteric modulator of GABA A receptors and shows hypnotic effects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun [Internet]. 2011;413(4):637–42. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.026
45. Sato Y, He JX, Nagai H, Tani T, Akao T. Isoliquiritigenin, one of the antispasmodic principles of Glycyrrhiza ularensis roots, acts in the lower part of intestine. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007;30(1):145–9.
46. Spoerlein-Guettler C, Milius W, Obenauf J, Schobert R. A new domino oxidation—rearrangement of 2,3-dihydrowogonin to negletein. Tetrahedron Lett. 2016;57(14):1560–2.
47. Dong P, Zhang Y, Gu J, Wu W, Li M, Yang J, et al. Wogonin, an active ingredient of Chinese herb medicine Scutellaria baicalensis, inhibits the mobility and invasion of human gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cells by inducing the expression of maspin. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. 2011;137(3):1373–80. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.005
48. Salehi B, Fokou PVT, Sharifi-Rad M, Zucca P, Pezzani R, Martins N, et al. The therapeutic potential of naringenin: A review of clinical trials. Pharmaceuticals. 2019;12(1):1–18.
49. Wang Q, Yang J, Zhang XM, Zhou L, Liao XL, Yang B. Practical synthesis of naringenin. J Chem Res. 2015;39(8):455–7.
50. Mani R, Natesan V. Chrysin: Sources, beneficial pharmacological activities, and molecular mechanism of action. Phytochemistry [Internet]. 2018;145:187–96. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.09.016
51. Critchfield JW, Butera ST, Folks TM. Inhibition of HIV activation in latently infected cells by flavonoid compounds. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1996;12(1):39–46.
52. Cho H, Yun CW, Park WK, Kong JY, Kim KS, Park Y, et al. Modulation of the activity of pro-inflammatory enzymes, COX-2 and iNOS, by chrysin derivatives. Pharmacol Res. 2004;49(1):37–43.
53. Woodman OL, Chan ECH. Vascular and anti-oxidant actions of flavonols and flavones. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2004;31(11):786–90.
54. Salehi B, Venditti A, Sharifi-Rad M, Kręgiel D, Sharifi-Rad J, Durazzo A, et al. The therapeutic potential of Apigenin. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(6).
55. Patel D, Shukla S, Gupta S. Apigenin and cancer chemoprevention: Progress, potential and promise (Review). Int J Oncol. 2007;30(1):233–45.
56. Stompor M. A review on sources and pharmacological aspects of sakuranetin. Nutrients. 2020;12(2).
57. Miyazawa M, Kinoshita H, Okuno Y. Antimutagenic activity of sakuranetin from Prunus jamasakura. J Food Sci. 2003;68(1):52–6.
58. Lee S Bin, Kang JW, Kim SJ, Ahn J, Kim J, Lee SM. Afzelin ameliorates D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure by modulating mitochondrial quality control and dynamics. Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174(2):195–209.
59. XunLi, Liu Y, Chu S, Yang S, Peng Y, Ren S, et al. Physcion and physcion 8-O-β-glucopyranoside: A review of their pharmacology, toxicities and pharmacokinetics. Chem Biol Interact [Internet]. 2019;310. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2019.06.035
60. Benamar H, Rarivoson E, Tomassini L, Frezza C, Marouf A, Bennaceur M, et al. Phytochemical profiles, antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterasic activities of the leaf extracts of Rhamnus lycioides subsp. oleoides (L.) Jahand. & Maire in different solvents. Nat Prod Res [Internet]. 2019;33(10):1456–62. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1422182
61. Shaikh MV, Kala M, Ravat N, Nivsarkar M. Abortifacient potential of methanolic extract of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. stem bark in mice. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. 2015;173:313–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.031
62. T. Rajesh*1, E. Venkatanagaraju 1 DG 2 and SJB. EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT HERBAL PLANT. IJPSR. 2014;5(4):1460–8.
63. Prasad C, Kumar A, Singh SK, Singh SK. Antibacterial properties of Unripened Fruits of Trapa natans , Annona squamosa , Ficus carica and Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. against Pathogenic Gram Positive and Negative Bacteria Antibacterial properties of Unripened Fruits of Trapa natans , Annona squamosa ,. Int J Eng Res Appl. 2017;7(9):33–7.
64. Khandelwal V, Bhatia AK, Goel A. Antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of aqueous extract of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. leaves. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2016;10(1):209–16.
65. Rafshanjani AS, Parvin S, Kader A. Antimicrobial and preliminary cytotoxic effects of ethanol extract and its fractions of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. ( Roxb .) miqstem bark. Int J Pharm Life Sci. 2014;5(12):4038–44.
66. Sanjay.Prahalad Umachigi*, Kumar. G. S1., Jayaveera K.N3., Kishore kumar D.V1., Ashok kumar C.K2. D. Research Paper. Afr J Trad CAM. 2007;4(4):481–7.
67. Datar H, Datar A. Antimicrobial activity of Anthoceplalus cadamba and Scirpus kysoor Roxb. Against food pathogens. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 2016;8(4):13–8.
68. Chandrashekar KS, Prasanna KS. Antimicrobial activity of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Linn. J Chem Pharm Res. 2009;1(1):268–70.
69. Acharyya S, Dash GK, Mondal S. STUDIES ON GLUCOSE LOWERING EFFICACY OF THE International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. Int J Pharma Bio Sci. 2010;1(2):1–9.
70. Dolai N, Islam A, Haldar PK. Antiproliferative activity and apoptosis inducing mechanism of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. on dalton’s lymphoma ascites cells. Iran J Pharm Res. 2016;15(3):505–14.
71. Dolai N, Islam A, Haldar PK. Methanolic extract of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. induces apoptosis in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in experimental mice. Indian J Pharmacol. 2016;48(4):445–9.
72. Ashraful Alam M, Akter R, Subhan N, Mostafizur Rahman M, Majumder M, Nahar L, et al. Artigo fl owering tops of Anthocephalus cadamba. Brazilian J Pharmacogn. 2008;18(May):155–9.
73. Dolai N, Karmakar I, Suresh Kumar RB, Kar B, Bala A, Haldar PK. Evaluation of antitumor activity and in vivo antioxidant status of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma treated mice. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. 2012;142(3):865–70. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.050.
74. Pandey, Arti S. and Pradeep Singh Negi. “Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Neolamarckia cadamba: A review.” Journal of ethnopharmacology 181 (2016): 118-35 .
2. Devgan M, Bhatia L, Kumar H. Anthocephalus cadamba: A comprehensive review. Res J Pharm Technol. 2012;5(12):1478–83.
3. Dwevedi A, Sharma K, Sharma YK. Cadamba : A miraculous tree having enormous pharmacological implications. Pharmacogn Rev. 2015;9(18):107–13.
4. Ayubkhan N, George DM, Joseph DL, Sujith DK. a Review on Pharmacological Activity of Benincasa Hispida. Int J Pharm Biol Sci Arch. 2019;7(2):383–94.
5. Article R, Parvathy P, Srinivasan V, Ramamurthy M, Elansekaran S, Christian GJ. International Journal of Ayurveda. Int J Ayurveda Pharma Res. 2018;6(11):44–50.
6. Dubey A, Nayak S, Goupale DC. Anthocephalus cadamba: A review. Pharmacogn J [Internet]. 2011;2(18):71–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0975-3575(11)80029-5
7. Krisnawati H, Agency D, Kallio M, Kanninen M. BKrisnawati1105. Cent Int For Res. 2011;1–11.
8. Acharyya S, Padhy R, Dash SK. Pharmacognostic studies on the root of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. (Roxb.) Miq. Pharmacogn J. 2018;10(5):973–8.
9. Brijesh kumar, Chaudhary, Satya Prakash AKS. Kadamba in ayurveda- A critcal review. Int J Pharm Arch. 2016;4(9):45–9.
10. Krisnawati H, Agency D, Kallio M, Kanninen M. Ecology , silviculture and productivity. Cent Int For Res. 2011;
11. Gurjar H, Jain SK, Nandanwar R, Sahu VK. IJPSR (2010), Vol. 1, Issue 7 (Research Article). Ijpsr. 2010;1(7):108–15.
12. Bani Sharma, Dey, A. N. * AK and NAP. Documentation of medico- religious plants of dooars region of wst bengal. Int J Usuf Mngt. 2014;15(2):3–15.
13. Bhandary MJ, Chandrashekar KR, Kaveriappa KM. Medical ethnobotany of the Siddis of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 1995;47(3):149–58.
14. D. Kumarasamyraja* NSJ and RM. A Review on Medicinal Plants with Potential Wound Healing Activity. Int J Pharma Sci. 2012;2(4):101–7.
15. Dhotre R, Maheboob S, Kare M. Phytochemical Screening of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. ( Roxb .) Miq . : Bark. Int J Res Pharm Pharm Sci. 2018;3(1):228–30.
16. Sharma V, Mathur G. Phytochemical Evaluation of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. and Invitro Cytotoxicity Studies. Int J Progress Res Sci Eng. 2021;2(3):70–5.
17. Gurjar H, Jain SK, Irchhaiya R, Nandanwar R, Sahu VK, Saraf H. Hypoglycemic effects of methanolic extract of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats (Rox B) Miq. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2010;1(3):79–83.
18. Gupta ASRC. 26.pdf. Eur J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2015;2(2):163–73.
19. Manoharan B CRS. A study on medicinal and commercial uses of sacred groves of Namakkal district , Tamil Nadu , India. J Med plants Sci. 2019;7(5):101–7.
20. Anand RK, Singh MP, Dwivedi S V, Ram S, Khare N. Ethnobotanical Study of Trees found in District Sonbhadra , Uttar Pradesh Ethnobotanical Study of Trees found in District Sonbhadra , Uttar Pradesh. 2017;(February 2013).
21. Dwa OP. Medicinal Plants and their Uses in Begnas-Rupa Lake. Janapriya J Interdiscip Stud. 2021;178–84.
22. Kumar S, Kumari S. Ethnobotanical Wild Edible Plants Used by the Tribes of Sahebganj District , Jharkhand. 2021;9515(9):223–31.
23. Singh PV. Ethnomedicinal uses of Some Mythological Plants in Temple Towns of Chitrakoot District , India Ethnomedicinal uses of Some Mythological Plants in Temple Towns of Chitrakoot District , India. –International J Innov Res Sci Technol. 2017;3(11):48–55.
24. Kalita GJ, Rout S, Mishra RK. Traditionally used medicinal Plants of Bajali Sub- division , Barpeta District , Assam. J Med Plants Stud. 2015;3(2):8–17.
25. Singh A, Kumar M, Singh H, Pala N. 2 nd International Conference " Food Security , Nutrition and Sustainable Agriculture - Emerging Technologies " Ethno-medicinal plants for treatment of diabetes , cancer and heart dise ... 2 International Conference “ Food Security , Nutrition and Sustain. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2019;(March):466–74.
26. Shubhashree MN, Shantha TR, Reddy MP, Venkateshwarlu G. A REVIEW ON THERAPEUTIC USES OF FLOWERS AS DEPICTED IN CLASSICAL TEXTS OF AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA. J Res Educ Indian Med. 2015;XXI(March):1–14.
27. Poonam K, Singh GS. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Taungya community in Terai Arc Landscape , India. J ethanopharmacology. 2009;123:167–76.
28. Das BP, Ghosh A. Medicinal properties of phyto-constituents from Rubiaceae family of Assam : Critical Review. Int J Appl Chem Biol Sci. 2020;1(3):1–25.
29. Liu LL, Di YT, Zhang Q, Fang X, Zhu F, Chen DL, et al. Aminocadambines A and B, two novel indole alkaloids from Neolamarckia cadamba. Tetrahedron Lett [Internet]. 2010;51(43):5670–3. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.08.030
30. Mishra DP, Khan MA, Yadav DK, Rawat AK, Singh RK, Ahamad T, et al. Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids from Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Fruits Exhibiting Anticancer Activity in Human Lung Cancer Cell Line H1299. Biol Chem Chem Biol. 2018;3(29):8468–72.
31. Soodabeh, SaeidniaAzadeh Manayi1 ARG and MA. The Story of Beta-sitosterol- A Review. European J Med Plants. 2014;4(5):590–609.
32. Sahu NP, Koike K, Jia Z, Achari B, Banerjee S, Nikaido T. Structures of two novel isomeric triterpenoid saponins from Anthocephalus cadamba. Magn Reson Chem. 1999;37(11):837–42.
33. Mahato SB, Sarkar SK, Poddar G. Triterpenoid saponins. Phytochemistry. 1988;27(10):3037–67.
34. Liu J. Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid: Research perspectives. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;100(1–2):92–4.
35. He XY, Wu LJ, Wang WX, Xie PJ, Chen YH, Wang F. Amygdalin - A pharmacological and toxicological review. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. 2020;254:112717. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112717
36. Formica J V., Regelson W. Review of the biology of quercetin and related bioflavonoids. Food Chem Toxicol. 1995;33(12):1061–80.
37. Gomes MN, Muratov EN, Pereira M, Peixoto JC, Rosseto LP, Cravo PVL, et al. Chalcone derivatives: Promising starting points for drug design. Molecules. 2017 Aug 1;22(8).
38. Israf DA, Khaizurin TA, Syahida A, Lajis NH, Khozirah S. Cardamonin inhibits COX and iNOS expression via inhibition of p65NF-κB nuclear translocation and Iκ-B phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Mol Immunol. 2007;44(5):673–9.
39. Kim DW, Curtis-Long MJ, Yuk HJ, Wang Y, Song YH, Jeong SH, et al. Quantitative analysis of phenolic metabolites from different parts of Angelica keiskei by HPLC-ESI MS/MS and their xanthine oxidase inhibition. Food Chem [Internet]. 2014;153:20–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.026
40. Yamamoto T, Yoshimura M, Yamaguchi F, Kouchi T, Tsuji R, Saito M, et al. Anti-allergic activity of naringenin chalcone from a tomato skin extract. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004;68(8):1706–11.
41. Aoki N, Muko M, Ohta E, Ohta S. C-geranylated chalcones from the stems of Angelica keiskei with superoxide-scavenging activity. J Nat Prod. 2008;71(7):1308–10.
42. Birari RB, Gupta S, Mohan CG, Bhutani KK. Antiobesity and lipid lowering effects of Glycyrrhiza chalcones: Experimental and computational studies. Phytomedicine [Internet]. 2011;18(8–9):795–801. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2011.01.002
43. Chen M, Christensen SB, Blom J, Lemmich E, Nadelmann L, Fich K, et al. Licochalcone A, a novel antiparasitic agent with potent activity against human pathogenic protozoan species of Leishmania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37(12):2550–6.
44. Cho S, Kim S, Jin Z, Yang H, Han D, Baek NI, et al. Isoliquiritigenin, a chalcone compound, is a positive allosteric modulator of GABA A receptors and shows hypnotic effects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun [Internet]. 2011;413(4):637–42. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.026
45. Sato Y, He JX, Nagai H, Tani T, Akao T. Isoliquiritigenin, one of the antispasmodic principles of Glycyrrhiza ularensis roots, acts in the lower part of intestine. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007;30(1):145–9.
46. Spoerlein-Guettler C, Milius W, Obenauf J, Schobert R. A new domino oxidation—rearrangement of 2,3-dihydrowogonin to negletein. Tetrahedron Lett. 2016;57(14):1560–2.
47. Dong P, Zhang Y, Gu J, Wu W, Li M, Yang J, et al. Wogonin, an active ingredient of Chinese herb medicine Scutellaria baicalensis, inhibits the mobility and invasion of human gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cells by inducing the expression of maspin. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. 2011;137(3):1373–80. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.005
48. Salehi B, Fokou PVT, Sharifi-Rad M, Zucca P, Pezzani R, Martins N, et al. The therapeutic potential of naringenin: A review of clinical trials. Pharmaceuticals. 2019;12(1):1–18.
49. Wang Q, Yang J, Zhang XM, Zhou L, Liao XL, Yang B. Practical synthesis of naringenin. J Chem Res. 2015;39(8):455–7.
50. Mani R, Natesan V. Chrysin: Sources, beneficial pharmacological activities, and molecular mechanism of action. Phytochemistry [Internet]. 2018;145:187–96. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.09.016
51. Critchfield JW, Butera ST, Folks TM. Inhibition of HIV activation in latently infected cells by flavonoid compounds. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1996;12(1):39–46.
52. Cho H, Yun CW, Park WK, Kong JY, Kim KS, Park Y, et al. Modulation of the activity of pro-inflammatory enzymes, COX-2 and iNOS, by chrysin derivatives. Pharmacol Res. 2004;49(1):37–43.
53. Woodman OL, Chan ECH. Vascular and anti-oxidant actions of flavonols and flavones. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2004;31(11):786–90.
54. Salehi B, Venditti A, Sharifi-Rad M, Kręgiel D, Sharifi-Rad J, Durazzo A, et al. The therapeutic potential of Apigenin. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(6).
55. Patel D, Shukla S, Gupta S. Apigenin and cancer chemoprevention: Progress, potential and promise (Review). Int J Oncol. 2007;30(1):233–45.
56. Stompor M. A review on sources and pharmacological aspects of sakuranetin. Nutrients. 2020;12(2).
57. Miyazawa M, Kinoshita H, Okuno Y. Antimutagenic activity of sakuranetin from Prunus jamasakura. J Food Sci. 2003;68(1):52–6.
58. Lee S Bin, Kang JW, Kim SJ, Ahn J, Kim J, Lee SM. Afzelin ameliorates D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure by modulating mitochondrial quality control and dynamics. Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174(2):195–209.
59. XunLi, Liu Y, Chu S, Yang S, Peng Y, Ren S, et al. Physcion and physcion 8-O-β-glucopyranoside: A review of their pharmacology, toxicities and pharmacokinetics. Chem Biol Interact [Internet]. 2019;310. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2019.06.035
60. Benamar H, Rarivoson E, Tomassini L, Frezza C, Marouf A, Bennaceur M, et al. Phytochemical profiles, antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterasic activities of the leaf extracts of Rhamnus lycioides subsp. oleoides (L.) Jahand. & Maire in different solvents. Nat Prod Res [Internet]. 2019;33(10):1456–62. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1422182
61. Shaikh MV, Kala M, Ravat N, Nivsarkar M. Abortifacient potential of methanolic extract of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. stem bark in mice. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. 2015;173:313–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.031
62. T. Rajesh*1, E. Venkatanagaraju 1 DG 2 and SJB. EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT HERBAL PLANT. IJPSR. 2014;5(4):1460–8.
63. Prasad C, Kumar A, Singh SK, Singh SK. Antibacterial properties of Unripened Fruits of Trapa natans , Annona squamosa , Ficus carica and Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. against Pathogenic Gram Positive and Negative Bacteria Antibacterial properties of Unripened Fruits of Trapa natans , Annona squamosa ,. Int J Eng Res Appl. 2017;7(9):33–7.
64. Khandelwal V, Bhatia AK, Goel A. Antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of aqueous extract of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. leaves. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2016;10(1):209–16.
65. Rafshanjani AS, Parvin S, Kader A. Antimicrobial and preliminary cytotoxic effects of ethanol extract and its fractions of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. ( Roxb .) miqstem bark. Int J Pharm Life Sci. 2014;5(12):4038–44.
66. Sanjay.Prahalad Umachigi*, Kumar. G. S1., Jayaveera K.N3., Kishore kumar D.V1., Ashok kumar C.K2. D. Research Paper. Afr J Trad CAM. 2007;4(4):481–7.
67. Datar H, Datar A. Antimicrobial activity of Anthoceplalus cadamba and Scirpus kysoor Roxb. Against food pathogens. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 2016;8(4):13–8.
68. Chandrashekar KS, Prasanna KS. Antimicrobial activity of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Linn. J Chem Pharm Res. 2009;1(1):268–70.
69. Acharyya S, Dash GK, Mondal S. STUDIES ON GLUCOSE LOWERING EFFICACY OF THE International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. Int J Pharma Bio Sci. 2010;1(2):1–9.
70. Dolai N, Islam A, Haldar PK. Antiproliferative activity and apoptosis inducing mechanism of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. on dalton’s lymphoma ascites cells. Iran J Pharm Res. 2016;15(3):505–14.
71. Dolai N, Islam A, Haldar PK. Methanolic extract of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. induces apoptosis in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in experimental mice. Indian J Pharmacol. 2016;48(4):445–9.
72. Ashraful Alam M, Akter R, Subhan N, Mostafizur Rahman M, Majumder M, Nahar L, et al. Artigo fl owering tops of Anthocephalus cadamba. Brazilian J Pharmacogn. 2008;18(May):155–9.
73. Dolai N, Karmakar I, Suresh Kumar RB, Kar B, Bala A, Haldar PK. Evaluation of antitumor activity and in vivo antioxidant status of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma treated mice. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. 2012;142(3):865–70. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.050.
74. Pandey, Arti S. and Pradeep Singh Negi. “Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Neolamarckia cadamba: A review.” Journal of ethnopharmacology 181 (2016): 118-35 .