Clinical Outcomes and Common Complications in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

Background:Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition associated with multiple systemic complications and adverse clinical outcomes. Early identification of complications and recognition of patients at increased risk are important for improving outcomes. This study assessed the clinical profile, common complications, and clinical outcomes among patients with CKD.Methods:A hospital-based observational study was conducted among 107 adult patients with CKD  during one year period. Demographic and clinical characteristics, comorbidities, laboratory parameters, CKD stage, complications, and clinical outcomes were assessed. CKD was staged according to estimated glomerular filtration rate. The association between CKD stage and complications was analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:The mean age of the study population was 56.8 ± 13.2 years, with males comprising 62.6% and females 37.4%. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (72.9%), followed by diabetes mellitus (57.9%). Advanced CKD was predominant, with stage 4 and stage 5 accounting for 25.2% and 36.4%, respectively. Anaemia was the most common complication, occurring in 77 (72.0%) patients. Its prevalence increased significantly with advancing CKD stage, from 42.1% in stage 3 to 70.4% in stage 4 and 92.2% in stage 5 (p<0.001). Fluid overload/edema (50.5%), electrolyte abnormalities (44.9%), metabolic acidosis (38.3%), and CKD-mineral and bone disorder (29.9%) were also frequent. Hospitalization occurred in 29.0%, renal replacement therapy was required in 26.2%, acute kidney injury superimposed on CKD occurred in 15.9%, and mortality was 7.5%.Conclusion:CKD was associated with a high burden of complications and adverse clinical outcomes. Anaemia increased significantly with advancing CKD stage, emphasizing the importance of early detection, regular monitoring, and timely management of CKD and its complications.