Irrigation Dynamics in Endodontics: Advances, Challenges and Clinical Implications

Abstract

Irrigation has always been a pillar of effective endodontic therapy, as it can be used to guarantee the elimination of
microbes, dissolution of tissue, and removal of debris in the intricate root canal system. Canal anatomy, the properties
of the irrigant and modes of delivery affect the irrigation dynamics. New developments such as ultrasonic and sonic
activation, laser-assisted systems and new irrigants have played a huge role in enhancing penetration of irrigant and
disruption of biofilm. Nevertheless, obstacles remain in the realization of comprehensive disinfection of anatomically
complex areas without increasing the risk of extrusion of the irrigant and cytotoxicity. Optimized irrigation protocols
have a direct clinical clinical effect on the treatment, healing and prognosis in the long term. It is in the current state of
evidence-based practice, and because of ongoing advances, challenges, and their clinical relevance, this review shows
that the changing nature of endodontic irrigation still requires evidence-based strategies and ongoing innovation.