Morphometric Evaluation of Glenoid Cavity Dimensions and Its Relevance in Shoulder Arthroplasty

Abstract

Background: The glenoid cavity is an important component of the shoulder joint, providing articulation with the head of the humerus and contributing to joint stability and mobility. Accurate knowledge of its morphometric dimensions is essential for successful shoulder arthroplasty, prosthesis design, and the management of glenohumeral disorders. Population-specific anatomical data are valuable for improving surgical outcomes.
Objectives: To evaluate the morphometric dimensions and morphological variations of the glenoid cavity in adult human scapulae and assess their clinical significance in shoulder arthroplasty.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional osteometric study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Yadadri (Bhuvanagiri) Telangana, Government medical college, Vikarabad, Telanagana and Sree Uthradom thirunal Academy of Medical Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala on 100 dry adult human scapulae (50 right and 50 left). The maximum superoinferior diameter, maximum anteroposterior diameter, upper anteroposterior diameter, and Glenoid Index were measured using a digital Vernier caliper. The glenoid cavity was classified into pear, oval, and inverted comma shapes. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and side-wise comparisons were performed using the independent t-test, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results: The mean superoinferior diameter was 36.8 ± 3.2 mm, the mean maximum anteroposterior diameter was 27.4 ± 2.6 mm, and the mean Glenoid Index was 74.5 ± 5.8. Pear-shaped glenoid cavities were the most common (52%), followed by inverted comma (30%) and oval (18%). No statistically significant difference was observed between the right and left sides (p > 0.05). The findings demonstrated anatomical variations that may influence prosthetic sizing and surgical planning.
Conclusion: The present study provides valuable morphometric data on the glenoid cavity in the Telangana population. These findings can assist orthopedic surgeons in preoperative planning, appropriate prosthesis selection, and improving the outcomes of shoulder arthroplasty while serving as a useful reference for anatomists and biomedical engineers.